Stories and facts
Ghana's political system involves the election of a head of state, the president, and a legislature. The president serves a four-year term, elected by the people. As per the constitution, presidents can only serve two consecutive terms, each lasting four years. The Parliament of Ghana consists of 275 members, elected for four-year terms in single-seat constituencies. Unlike the presidency, parliamentarians can run for multiple terms as long as they meet eligibility criteria.
The presidential election requires a candidate to secure more than 50% of valid votes cast. In contrast, parliamentary elections are won by a simple majority. The electoral process has led to a two-party system, making it challenging for alternative parties to gain electoral success. Since 1992, elections have been held every four years, typically on December 7th.
To qualify as a presidential candidate, individuals must be Ghanaian citizens by birth, at least 40 years old, and of sound mind. They can be nominated by a political party or stand as independent candidates, meeting necessary requirements, including full payment of presidential filing fees. Presidential campaigns involve rallies, debates, and media appearances to communicate candidates' visions and policies. Voting eligibility for presidential elections is for Ghanaian citizens aged 18 and above.
Ghana is divided into constituencies, each represented by a Member of Parliament (MP). Parties present candidates for each constituency, and voters cast their ballots. Independent candidates can also stand for parliamentary elections, with lower filing fees compared to presidential candidates.
The Electoral Commission (EC) oversees and conducts both presidential and parliamentary elections. The commission, headed by the Electoral Commissioner, ensures the integrity and transparency of the electoral process. Responsibilities include voter registration, candidate nomination, ballot printing, polling station setup, and announcement of election results.
Ethnic voting plays a significant role in Ghanaian politics, with voters often considering candidates' ethnic identities. This phenomenon, known as clientelism, involves candidates using ethnic affiliations to gain support. Ethnic favoritism can vary between diverse and homogeneous communities, influencing voting patterns and resource allocation.
Research indicates that ethnic voting at the local level can impact national elections, with local clientelism influencing support for presidential candidates. However, alternative opinions suggest that Ghanaian voters prioritize past performance and policy plans over ethnicity. While clientelism remains a factor in Ghanaian politics, it is not the sole determinant of electoral outcomes.
In conclusion, Ghana's electoral system combines presidential and parliamentary elections, overseen by the Electoral Commission. Ethnic voting dynamics play a significant role, influencing voter behavior and political outcomes. Despite challenges, Ghana's democracy continues to evolve, reflecting its commitment to democratic principles and governance.
