Stories and facts

Portuguese architectural styles in Ghanaian forts reflect a medieval-castle design that emphasized both functionality and dominance.

Typically, these forts were constructed with large square or rectangular layouts, reinforced by four corner bastions that provided defensive strength.

At the center, a courtyard served as the heart of the fort, surrounded by enclosed buildings that often rose two or three stories high.

These design features created both a secure military stronghold and a symbol of authority along the West African coast.

Elmina Castle, known as São Jorge da Mina, stands out as the earliest European fortress in the region. Built in 1482, it represents the classic Portuguese castle-fort style and became a strategic base for trade.

Fort San Sebastian, built in the early 16th century, followed similar principles, featuring a bastion, single-story buildings, and a two-story tower as recorded in Portuguese charts.

Fort St. Anthony, constructed in 1515, was notable for its triangular design and a protective rock-cut trench carved into the landward side to strengthen defenses.

Beyond their military function, these forts served as important trading posts, showcasing Portuguese power and wealth while marking the start of sustained European presence in West Africa.

They were integral to commerce between Africa and Europe, particularly in gold, ivory, and later the transatlantic slave trade. Today, their enduring structures bear witness to this complex history.

Recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the forts remain powerful symbols of Afro-European encounters, colonial enterprise, and their lasting impact on the history of Ghana and the wider West African region.

Browse through this list of historic forts in Ghana below.